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Apr. 14 – With yesterday’s news that China has vetoed plans for an Asian Development Bank loan to India for development of the Arunachal Pradesh region, we take a look at why the region is disputed, where it is, and the commodities and economic benefits possession of the area brings.
The political problems with the region go back to the days of the British Raj, and predate the current government of China’s authority. Indeed, Taiwan claims ownership also under its position as an alleged government of China. Historically, the region was a kingdom, with several mentions of it being made in a number of Vedic texts. It is also mentioned in the Indian epic, the Mahabharata, although it is usually acknowledged that much of the region was a de facto vassal state of Tibet, and that tributes were paid to the Dalai Lama in Lhasa.
Parts of the region however are known to have been administered by Bhutan, and to the east, Burma, until the British annexed India completely in 1858. The region was an important trading route with Lhasa, and connected Tibet to the nearest port, at Calcutta. The sixth Dalai Lama was born in Tawang, in the northwest of the region.
Problems over sovereignty go back therefore to the Chinese claim over Tibet, which was enforced in 1949, and to the “Simla Accord”, of 1914, when China was ruled as a republic, in which representatives of Britain, China, and Tibet were to define the borders. The purpose of the agreement was to designate borders of Inner and Outer Tibet, in addition to borders between Tibet and British India. An 890 kilometer-line was designated as the border. British and Tibetan officials agreed on the demarcation; however the Chinese had issues with the designation of “inner” and “outer” Tibet, and walked out of the discussions. Fast forward to the Chinese civil war, and the Nationalists fleeing to Taiwan, and the Communist Party’s moving into Tibet in 1951. Since then, the Chinese government has made it clear that its position has remained constant, and that it inherited the Nationalist position that the agreement over the borders in 1914 was never agreed to by China. It subsequently has refused to do so, and in 1962 fought a brief border war with India over the territory. China won, but subsequently withdrew from its territorial gains in the region and allowed India to repossess them.
China and Taiwan accordingly jointly claim Arunachal Pradesh as belonging to Tibet and being the province of “South Tibet” as neither signed off on the original border demarcation. India claimed the area as under its sovereignty in 1950, while the Tibetan government in exile continues to identify Arunachal Pradesh as belonging to India and recognizes the Simla Accord and border demarcation between Tibet and India.
Arunachal Pradesh is agriculturally rich, with rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger and oil seeds all grown in the region and processed here. The region also has some 61,000 square kilometers of forests, and this represents an important sector of the local economy, however tree felling and saw mills are prohibited on conservation grounds. It is understood part of the disputed loan India was to obtain from the ADB was to deal with water management and ecological problems caused by deforestation on the Chinese side and impacting on Arunachal Pradesh. Limited trade with Tibet has commenced, with roads having been constructed by China up to various borders crossings up to the border, with routes leading back to Lhasa. However, the Indian side remains distrustful of Chinese intentions in the region, and similar infrastructure on the Indian side remains downgraded.
Arunachal Pradesh Fast Facts:
Population: 1.1 million
Area: 83,743 sq km
Capital city: Itanagar
Current GDP: (est.) US$480 million
Government website
Further reading:
China and India Conduct Joint Military Exercises, Border Remains an Issue
China Strengthens Rail Links with Nepal
Why China and India Disagree
Tomorrow:
China and India Border Disputes: The Leh Valley and Ladakh
April 14th, 2009 at 11:25 am
Anyone who’s been to Arunachal Pradesh can clearly see that it’s a a part of Tibet. I personally think that Arunachal Pradesh would be better of under China. China has money to build world class roads, and and railways in Arunachal Pradesh. If the Arunachal Pradeshi’s were smart and wanted a bright future, they would ask to join with China
April 15th, 2009 at 1:03 pm
And see their monks persecuted, their temples destroyed and no freedom to worship the Dalai Lama, or, for the muslims there, to go to the mosque, and no ability to obtain a passport and of course not then able to travel anywhere in India. Yeah, right. I bet they’ll really want to go for that.
April 15th, 2009 at 1:56 pm
China has money to build world class roads, and and railways in Arunachal Pradesh.
====> Thats why millions of workers are laid off and poverty is as much rampant. All money is held in the hands of a elite few.
China is like shining for outer cover, but hollow inside.
April 15th, 2009 at 2:38 pm
Arunachal Pradesh is integral part of India, If chinese want to threaten India, then India should form a alliance with all anti chinese forces to threaten China.
India is seen as a soft state, India should spend lots of money on military to threaten china.
April 17th, 2009 at 2:21 pm
Threatening any nation is not a question here…..why are we talking about chinese wealth???? India too have lots of money but our corrupt politicians don’t utilise for building arunachal pradesh into new shape.
April 20th, 2009 at 10:23 pm
Chinese wealth is becoming a problem if they begin using it as an economic weapon to beat their neighbors with if they don’t agree with China’s own policies.
August 8th, 2009 at 5:02 am
I think India is scared. eventually, it is China’s territory.
please refer to this:
http://www.2point6billion.com/2009/07/24/british-government-redefinition-could-re-ignite-china-india-border-dispute-1599.html
August 24th, 2009 at 11:32 pm
AP is not China’s territory. No government (or political party) can agree to Chinese demands about AP. As far as people’s choice goes: Ask Tibetans (in china). Do they want to be independent of China? Yes! So..why would AP residents like to be in that situation? I dont think so. Roads, developments etc: India is lagging on this front…not only in AP (or north east) but throughout the country. Roads and infrastructure is much better in China than in India. But is that the only reason why people would like to join the Chinese empire? Basic necessities of life that include..”Freedom to do anything anywhere anytime” does not exist in China. India provides it 100%. I bet millions of Chinese would like to live in a country that gives them “Freedom to do anything anytime anywhere”. Now..I am not hinting that that country is India…or Taiwan…or past HK or a new country. I leave it to your imagination.
September 1st, 2009 at 3:48 am
i think it should be part of china u see India here in so calledsecular India nor Muslims or Christians are safe. Fudamentalist hindus are always killing them or seeking any chance to finish all Christians as early as possible. Even hindus them selves are victim of their own religion forcing a majority of hindus to live a miserable life. Moreover the corruption and mafia in india are at number 1 in the world. India is on the other hand unsuccesfully trying to smash or control the freedom movements in her country like Assam, Khalistan kashmir and in northern and southern india. India should first control this controll all the anti christian riots than tlk something else. INDIA SHOULD 1ST GIVE REVENGE OF THESE POOR CHRISTIANS BLOOD……?????
September 1st, 2009 at 5:18 pm
Well John I’m Christian and I never got persecuted in India. Or Pakistan for that matter. The main issue isn’t religion in India. Its the caste system that still causes so much poverty.
September 10th, 2009 at 12:13 am
Being US citizen, I would say that Arunachal Pradesh is currently, was in the past and will be for ever integral part of India.
Chinese should stop diverting from their major issues of unemployment, lack of freedom, child labor, audio video piracy, stealing intellectual property, racism, manipulation of athlete’s age in sports, remove widespread poverty in rural areas and opening up their country to the world not just major cities.
Chinese rural areas are absolutely poor. People are living in most unimaginable filthy conditions. Their toys are laced with dangerous chemicals, Chinese produce the world’s worst equipment, toys or milk. Its time they set right their own home before trying to meddle in other countries.
Indians need to set their home in order and stop child labor, clean up their rural areas which are as bad as chinas, provide better healthcare and dress up properly.
September 11th, 2009 at 1:06 pm
@Neil
Since when does being a USA citizen make one an “authoritative” historian. India, the country, as opposed to India, the sub-continent was actually a construct of the British Empire. Backed by the British military in the late 18th Century onwards the East India Company pulled together the remnants of the Moghul Empire in India together with various princedoms and other peoples to make their “Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire. Where the problems arise with India is that the British grabbed bits of Tibet, Nepal and Burma, Afghanistan, etc to secure borders and regional influence. Consequently in terms of land India is benefiting from what I term “fruits of the stolen tree”. Pakistan may have broken off from India and Sri Lanka has so far managed to stay out of India’s grasp. India is unwilling to return other lands that were formerly in the possession of its neighbors and hence the quarrel with China (but not solely China as India has disputes with Pakistan and Nepal as well). @akpa is correct in saying that Arunachal Pradesh should be part of Tibet. The native people their are Mongoloid in race as opposed to the Aryans or Dravidians that India is mostly made up of. Arunachal Pradesh has followers mainly of indigenous religions such as Donyi-Poloism and Buddhism as opposed to Hinduism. There are also rebellions going on in the region owing to the maltreatment of the natives and economic neglect by the various Indian administrations since independence. China has resolved most of her land borders with all her neighbors except for India. India on the other hand has border and water disputes with virtually all her neighbors. Add the belated “Empire Complex” that India is starting to exhibit with talk of her imminent rise as a “Great Power” and hints by many politicians and military people that the Indian Ocean is India’s Ocean (neglecting the fact that their are dozens of countries in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Australia linked to the ocean). To make matters worse, currently the USA military is in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Gulf now adding fuel by aiding India’s military build-up and modernization. The Chinese can see through that and you can expect them to react by furthering their build up on the Tibetan plateau. I trust we can see a pattern here and where blame can be allocated for troubles present and future between countries in South Asia.
September 15th, 2009 at 11:25 pm
Arunachal Pradesh is a integral part of india . Nobody have rights to say it is part of Tibet or china . Chines govt are fool they are just in dream that they can do anything what ever they want .
India is a excellent country . We will prove this if again china will do anything wrong for indians .We can never forgot 1962 .
Please never say AP is for china . AP is our Part i mean part of our family or part of our india . Stupid china you should believe only in making calculator or battery or thiefing formula from other countries
September 19th, 2009 at 1:05 pm
well if those chinese jackasses had their way, even USA would be a part of china. They are nothing but a bunch of loosers trying to divert the attention of the masses from all the internal problems. Well if AP is a part of China than Tibet is a part of India. how does that sound for the chinks. Go get a life and stop eyeing other non chinese regions.
September 25th, 2009 at 7:32 pm
OK fine let china take arunachal pradesh and India can take beijing..how is it?
better china mind their own buisness
September 29th, 2009 at 4:52 am
The fact remains. china used brute force to occupy tibet, even today suppresses tibetians religious and social rights. Has populated hans to change demography like it did to the uigurs.
Why not have free and fair elections to see who the people of tibet vote for ?
Does china has guts to do it ?
China govt is a oppressive clique that uses force to beat up its own people and no one in their right mind accept their claim about tibet , mongolia or the so called xingxiang province is part of china. It never was.
By having friendly contacts with tibet in the past does not justify the chinese occupation and continuing brutality. Let them remove hans and let the tibetians vote for their representative if china believes in its claim.
Even india had influence in srilanka, nepal, indonesia, cambodia since ancient times does it mean they can takeover these countries ? its only Insane logic of chinese that can justify occupation of lands beyond chinese wall , which was de facto area of china. All other regions are occupied territories.
As for arunanchal pradesh , its neither tibetian nor chinese territories. Its indian territory.. Tomorow another chinese loony would say entire north east of india, andaman & nicobar islands , burma belongs to them because the people have mongoloid features. There is no end to such cock and bull stories and justifications.
Arunanchal was part of india before chinese occupation of tibet and there were no such claims until 1962 war after india’s independence. So any claims now is frivilous and non-tenable and an act of aggression against indian territory. China should know india is not tibet with peace loving religious ding bats who did not have an army to defend against treacherous chinese occupying army, so it was a cake walk (so called peaceful liberation – A big chinese lie which the govt is very good at manufacturing to fool its own ignorant people)
October 19th, 2009 at 3:31 pm
i am from Arunachal Pradesh,i say why we should go to china. Arunachal is part of India.one of my friend pass his coment that Ap should be in china.
i ll tell u one from the startin of my schoolin i ve learn that “sa re jaha se acha hindusta hamara” and jana gana mana.
then why go to china.
do dout they r good in wealth.
even thoungh we are “PROUD TO BE INDIAN”
jai Hind
November 1st, 2009 at 2:36 am
A serious claim by China who have the habbit of giving up their words easily.
The geographical position of Ap,rich flora and fauna,natural resources are the apple eyes of China to strengthen the sprouting power and economy of China.
It’s not the time to yawn again over this issue comes.
November 4th, 2009 at 10:32 am
What u r all expecting from us, Already in kashmir pakistan raise some, now in arunachal pradesh Chines,
India is Our Mother. No One Can Touch Us.
November 12th, 2009 at 9:15 pm
dear indians
would you please go to tibet , lhasa, other citys. or china to have a look.
is there poor? how about the culture and economy ,relegion.
i have been there,evey very far villages. there is realy good place , everything perserved well.
please just say your human rights or fredom. tibet are much better than you imagen. please have a look.
as south tibet, i have been some boder village of tibet, the rode is really a problem there. but they have good education and medical,human rights there are good, and became better and better.people there have a happy life.tamples everywhere and monks. normal farmer there have big stone house and electriry(some by solar system or micro hydro system), TV,DVD , car, etc. I am not lie , you could go to have a look or check on the internet.the students there are study tibeten langurage. lhasa there every year have lots of tourist from us, europe, everythere. although i do not like lhasa’s new building. but temples and tibiten streets still there. I am sure that lhasa and rikaze city is clean than india any city.
I do not like china goverment.
look the face of your called Arunachal Pradesh, it is yellow skin and black face. they do not use left hand to clean ass.
look your indians words as 16 floor. do you have education? are you a human?
at least at china everyone are the same class. everyone have the same opportunity. no different class like india.
I hope that south tibet can back to china.
November 19th, 2009 at 3:58 pm
AP is the part of INDIA and trust me it should be the part of india till the end of this earth.u bloody chinese u just want the healthy resources of AP for ur economic wealth. just improve first ur technology and stop making duplicate of everything, also thiefing formulas.Just concentrate on ur internal matters like TIBET and dont interfare in india.
December 4th, 2009 at 6:55 am
in the history, from tang dynasty , one of the the first king of tibet who unit tibet go to tang’s kingdom then a prince of tang marry him. with him with all kinds of worker’s with her went to tibet ,bring culture, farmar, how to making cloth , painting to tibet, now ,a lot of place of tibet is nameed by this prince,her starue is in the tample with the first king of tibet, another is from nepal . of the qing dynasty ,dala lama went to beijing , is one of teacher of the empire.qing dunasty also is a chinese cluture dynasry. the empire and dalai lama have a lot of relation. the dalai lama is authorised by the empire . on the tibit managet, dala lama’s order , the first words is acthorize by the empire. the main teacher of dalai , also have empire’s authorize. new dalai’s regenation, also is authorized by empire of qing empire. tibiten people have fight with brith inviders , also at 1950s , fight with indians. indians. indians gov have killed thounds of tibitens at 1950s . please check your history.
if your stupid indiand go on say , such as blood chiese or other invok words. we will have a war again. when you see chinese say this words!
check history and now the reality!
south is part of china.
your aggressor indians.
take care your kids who eat in the garbage and who sale it’s wife. now this do not exist in china.
your human rights or goverments is doing what?
January 7th, 2010 at 7:28 pm
Hi To All individuals who ever visit Arunachal Pradesh,
Time and again we have seen that the borders to every empire goes on changing. And so it will. China had once attacked tibet region and annexed it. Since 1950 China has slowly destroyed all tibetian culture. The tibetian culture has only floursihed in India. India is the biggest democratic country where everyone can breath freely. Entire world acknowledges this fact. Morever we do have instances of riots against minorities. But then that is the way it happens in history of every country.
India today is the only place to advocate democracy and sustain optimum growth.
China has achieved a growth only after having a communist regime. China as everyone knows is a communist country wherein no democratic ways are advocated. If anyone here feels that yellow skin from Arunachal Pradesh should make them a Chinese atleast we do not segregate individuals from there coulours. We treat every Indian as an Indian.
For those Chinese who visit this blog please visit India to understand this place.You would feel that China should be part of the great Indian show.
January 11th, 2010 at 8:51 pm
proud to be indian we should start a campaign through out the world to combine our forces lets join hands friends to save our country [maa] from china .kaha lo kasam ki jab tak hum hai hamari maa per koi aach nahi aane dege .be proud to be hindustani
bande matram jai hind
January 16th, 2010 at 10:33 am
so many Chinese was viested India.
80% are poor people.
80% body with bad small.
80% are lier.
100% cities are dirty!
that is it!
more, you are still under the Colonial of uk.
if not , please check the history picture of Hiram agreement. is there any Indian on the picture?
January 16th, 2010 at 10:38 am
this is part of comment of Times of India about “India to overtake China in 2020: Swaminathan Aiyar”
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/opinions/5401981.cms?curpg=10
please check yourself!!!
Shifali Kumari,Vasai,says:What bullshit… Dont talk rubbish Swaminathan… stop giving false hopes to the citizens of India. Have you ever been to China??? Do you know what is their growth?? Do you know how much they have progressed?? You know nothing about China… India doesnt have any proper system in place. Its like the Maharashtra chief (cheap) minister saying… i will make Mumbai into Shanghai in 5 yrs time… all these false promises which is not possible in a democratic country especially & moreover you dont know what Shanghai is… you politicians cant even change mumbai to a small village in China. INDIA DOESNT EVEN HAVE A SINGLE CITY TO COMPARE WITH ANY CITY OR FOR THAT MATTER ANY VILLAGE IN CHINA. We are still talking about electricity… proper water supply & roads after 60 yrs of Independence.. i guess you politicians are like frogs in the well… Trying to fool the citizens for your own interest that is for votes. GROW UP.. & wake up citizens of INDIA… these politicians wont give u anything but poverty & price hikes… JUST THINK HAS THE COST OF SUGAR, POTATOES OR OTHER DAILY ITEMS REDUCED?? SIMPLE QUESTIONS… DO U GET PROPER WATER, ELECTRICITY OR GAS FOR UR DAILY NEEDS? DO U HAVE PROPER ROADS N SO ON… THE ANSWER IS NO… SO BECOME WISE & STOP VOTING… ESPECIALLY FOR THESE STUPID & ILLITERATE POLITICIANS WHO CAN ONLY GIVE U PROMISES
[1 Jan, 2010 1434hrs IST]
January 17th, 2010 at 1:30 pm
haha ,Indian Democracy is an international joke! I lived in India for years ,optimum growth? optimum means the world biggest slams and slummers, the world most malnourished children and adults, world most lazy people and world most corrupt politicians(yeah, much more than Chinese politicians), world most arranged marriages and dowries and world most burnt wives, oh yeah the world’s only Caste System which assorts your own people into different grades and racial discriminate against each other but in the name of Hindu Gods ! how wonderful~!
In my opinion, as long as there is caste system India is the most indemocratic coutry in the whole wild world~!
January 17th, 2010 at 1:58 pm
at 1600, UK Colonial India, before that , india did not exist! it is Uk who united so many small kingdoms live at india. Please check inida history. the india ancient history is from a china monk who came to india at Tang dynasty.
South tibet is a part of tibet, before was managed by dalai\s goverment. the monority of menba, luoba, etc all live at china too.
at qing dyansty. China goverment already set boundary marker stone wich chinese at south Himalayan. the Dranon flag is qing dynasry\s flag.
the McMahon line do not have any law ability at all.
India occupy there at 1940`1950 berofe, there no inidans at all.
So check your history or ask your father uk about it. now even uk accoledge that Tibet is part of china.
Stop lying!
stop fake the history!
stop occupy south tibet!
learn how to clean your ass please!
英属印度的战略边界计划与赵尔丰、程凤翔对察隅边防的巩固
吕昭义 杨晓慧
【内容提要】2O世纪初英国制定和实施以封锁镇压印度民族解放运动为目的的“战略边界”计划，加紧对我国察隅地区的侵略活动。赵尔丰派遣程凤翔部进驻察隅巩固边防。程凤翔在察隅建设基层政权，开发经济，树立边界，充实边防，有效地阻止了英人北犯，表明了我国对麦克马洪线以南的下察隅地区拥有主权，对维护我国固有领土，确立我国西南边陲的疆界有重大意义。
清末，川滇边务大臣赵尔丰饬令管带程凤翔率军横渡怒江，翻越雪山，飞兵进驻桑昂曲宗、察隅[1]。程凤翔在察隅多有兴革，在压必曲龚树大清龙帜，建立界牌；清查下杂瑜人口土地，建立基层政权；招抚僜人，设官施治，施行了一系列建设边疆，巩固边防的措施，其活动范围远及后来的非法的麦克马洪线以南地区。可惜时间很短。随着辛亥革命的爆发，许多规划未能落实，但那些举措对于捍卫祖国主权，阻止英人入侵具有重大历史意义。
本文拟比照中外有关记载，考订基本史实，并将这一史实置于国际关系的大局及中英关系的总体背景下加以评论。
一、中印民族解放运动的高涨与英属印度的“战略边界计划”
赵尔丰令程风翔进驻察隅有深刻的国际关系背景。2O世纪初，国际局势激烈动荡，英国在国际上的竞争对手发生了变化。德国的崛起促使英国调整外交战略，协调与俄、法的矛盾，集中力量对付德国的挑战。1907年的英俄协议调解了英国与俄国在波斯、阿富汗、西藏的矛盾，以便英国从亚洲收缩，加紧欧洲备战。
2O世纪初，中国、印度两国民族解放运动日益高涨，两国民族主义者互相同情，互为声援，[2]被英国视为其在印度的殖民统治的“外部威胁”。张荫棠、赵尔丰等人在西藏、川I滇边境推行新政，充实边防，焕发出的自立自强的民族精神波及周边国家，在喜马拉雅山南麓诸国中引起共鸣与反响，使英国认为“中国威胁”已来到印度东北“大门口”。
这样，在中国西南边疆问题上，英俄矛盾下降，英帝国与中印两国民族解放运动的矛盾上升，成为主要矛盾。防堵中国民族主义的影响，成为英国在推行从亚洲收缩，加紧欧洲备战的全球战略时为维护对印度殖民统治和控制英属印度东北外围国家必须解决的重要问题。英属印度东北边境的“战略边界计划”的酝酿就是在这样的形势下进行的。
英国占据阿萨姆前，中印边界东段存在着一条由双方历史上长期行政管辖形成的传统边界。这是一条沿喜马拉雅山脚的地带，在山脚边缘地区，尤其是山口地带存在两属情况。英属印度吞并阿萨姆后，通过武力和签订协议的方式解决了传统边界线部分山脚平地的两属问题，大体上确定了一条沿喜马拉雅山南部山脚的边界线，即英印官员所称的“外线”(Outer Line)。l9世纪7O年代，英属印度在拉金普尔县、达朗县及布拉马普特拉河谷南部的有关县的山区边缘地带勘划了“内线”(Inner Line)，规定英属印度的官员、臣民及到印度的外国人非经当局批准，不得越过这条线，对内线和外线间的部落实行不干预政策。19世纪，中国与英属印度东段边境相对稳定，但在2O世纪初年，由于上述国际背景的变化，英属印度改变了对中国西南边疆的政策。
1882年，英属印度在萨地亚设立政治助理官员，负责处理东北边境事务及与境外部落的关系。1905年，第二任官员威廉森加紧越境活动。l907年l2月至1908年1月，他逆洛希特河北上至距离下察隅日马35英里处。[3]1909年至1910年冬季，他再次溯洛希特河北上，进到日马。此时正值程凤翔率部进兵桑昂、察隅。他返回后不久得知中国军队已进驻日马。时任东孟加拉和阿萨姆省省督的兰塞洛特-哈雷接到威廉森的报告后，立即上书印度总督明托，提议将英属印度的疆界北移。[4]
1910年10月23日，明托致函印度事务部大臣莫利，提出沿喜马拉雅山脊建立“战略边界计划”：
由于中国向日马及东北边境部落边缘地区的推进，当地对于我们与这些部落民未来关系的问题深为忧虑。军方认为，考虑到中国的推进，从战略的角度来看，(我们)现在的态势是极不稳固的。他们坚持，我们的势力应大体上东起插至乌代古里北部的英国边境的西藏领土，即所说的达旺县的楔形地带边缘，沿东北方向伸展至北纬29度，东经94度，再向东南进至察隅河并尽可能东达日马附近，由此越过察隅河进至察隅河与伊洛瓦底江分水岭，再沿着这一分水岭伸展至伊洛瓦底江与萨尔温江分水岭。[5]
明托提出的“战略边界”将中印东段边界从喜马拉雅山脚北移至山脊，并向东延伸，把云南西南的大片领土囊括于英属印度(其时，缅甸尚属英属印度)。显然，明托提出的这条边界的战略意图在于，利用天然屏障建立起一道封锁英属印度东北、防堵中国民族主义对印度及喜马拉雅山南侧诸国的影响的防火墙。
二、赵尔丰派兵进驻察隅的缘由
赵尔丰令程风翔进兵桑昂、杂瑜，直接原因是西藏地方派藏军阻止川军人藏，程凤翔率边军南下是为了牵制藏军，掩护川军西进。但是，赵尔丰还有他更为深远的用意。
宣统二年正月初二(1910年2月11日)程凤翔部进抵桑昂曲宗，得知有英人到桑昂曲宗所属的杂瑜边境活动，迅速禀报赵尔丰：“至所称洋人入桑，侵占地面一节，亦势必然之事。查杂瑜至倮罗地方三站，倮罗至阿渣地方七站，阿渣以外，即洋人地面。今倮罗、阿渣地方，皆为洋人占据。杂瑜土产丰饶，该地洋人既已得桑，必兴望蜀之思。”[6] 这里所说的洋人入境，即为威廉森第二次到杂瑜。
赵尔丰接报后，一边令程凤翔率部迅速进据杂瑜并进占英人活动的压必曲龚，一边奏报清廷，详陈进兵缘由，呼吁收回边疆要地，以固国防。赵尔丰分析英国的战略意图，“英人觊觎藏地，已非朝夕”，“今日之藏，实为印度屏蔽，英人视之，有如卧榻之侧”，“其一日不能忘藏者情也，亦势也”。即以杂瑜边境而言，就在程凤翔进兵前不久，尚有英人到其地，而且，“倮罗之南，即阿撒密，闻该处久已附英；阿撒密之南，则为缅甸，倮罗之西为波密野番。英人若得杂瑜，亦与波密接壤，其谋取波密，必无疑义。若得波密，则由工布入藏，仅数日程即与印度联成一片”。鉴于西藏地方的动荡局势，必定不能坚守领土，“若为他人占去一分，我不惟失一分权利，且将受一分侵害。英人未一日忘藏，将来如有利益均沾之事，必将要索前后藏，凡属藏之地，皆将入其范围之内”。利害关系如此，赵尔丰建议趁早“将边兵所到之处，皆收归边务大臣管辖”，程凤翔奔赴杂瑜驻兵，即是为“彰我国徵，以占先著”。[7]
三、程凤翔察隅巩固边防、建设边疆的举措
程凤翔驻兵察隅仅一年多，但在捍卫领土、巩固边防、开展地方行政建设、开发当地经济等方面多有建树。
(一)树龙帜，建界牌，阻止英人北犯
奔赴边境，建立边界标识，阻止外人窥伺侵占，是程凤翔进兵杂瑜的第一急务。如上所述，赵尔丰接到程风翔有关英人曾到杂瑜边境刺探的报告后，当即令程率部疾进赴边。宣统二年三月三日(1910年4月12日)程凤翔接到赵尔丰的指示，如果倮罗尚未投英，交龙旗给其头人，令其“开明界址”；若倮罗已投英，龙旗交杂瑜头人，树在与倮罗交界地方。[8] 程凤翔收到两面龙旗后迅速奔赴倮罗界址插旗定界。据英国方面的记载，这两面旗帜树于压必曲龚，即叶普克河与洛希特河汇合处[9]。赵尔丰指示树立旗帜是正式标界行为，树旗时间在1910年4月12日至5月8日之间。[10]
英国方面的记载证实了程凤翔树旗定界之事。1910年6月，威廉森从米朱密西米人处得知，中国人已牢牢地控制了日马，并在洛希特河的一条支流叶普克河树立旗帜。[11]1911年一二月间，威廉森第三次溯洛希特河而上，在门巩发现两面中国旗帜，一面已成碎片，另一面上还可见到一条龙，得知清军曾两度来到门巩边界。[12]威廉森见龙旗却步，但在对面插旗，并向附近住民探问。他的活动引起了当地边民的警惕，向中国驻军报告。赵尔丰十分重视，令程凤翔务必确查。程凤翔派右哨哨长张绍武前往压必曲龚查询。张查后回报：“该洋人插旗之后，即于是日往密巴家再三讯问，是否投过汉人，有无凭据。密巴称去岁汉人来到桑昂，我等即投诚，又蒙汉官给予各家护照，以资保护。洋人索取护照，详细看过，始谓尔等投汉甚好，我等虽插旗，尚未奉有我国明文，所插之旗即应拔去。当将旗帜扯下收卷而去等语。”[13] 关于威廉森插旗问界事，程凤翔与赵尔丰间多次禀报指示，收入《赵尔丰川边奏牍》、《清末川滇边务档案史料》中[14]。
据英国方面的记载，中国曾于1912年1月再次在叶普克河树立龙旗。1912年1月14日英属印度东北边境官员邓达斯率领的密西米远征队到达叶普克河后报告：“两天前，3个西藏人(原注：据另外的报告是2个中国士兵，而不是3个西藏人)在麦尼克赖以外四分之三英里处，北距原来树立旗帜大约75码，树立：1．一面绘有四爪龙的旗帜；2．一块木牌，上面用中文和藏文书写，意为：中华帝国川边察隅南界。1910年树立的旗帜还在原处。”[15]此次树旗在中国的文献中没有反映出来，至于“3个西藏人”奉何人的命令来树旗，需另做考证。
继上述两次压必曲龚树旗之后，中国方面还有一次树旗立界，时间是1912年6月。该年4月1日以Chiang Fong Chi为首的中国赴川滇边使团从成都出发，成都的报纸对此做了报道，英国驻成都总领事务谨顺亦将该报道呈送英国外交部。7月15日，邓达斯从到萨地亚来的米朱密西米人处获知，在他们出发到萨地亚来的数天前，有三个中国官员带着一队密西米苦力到叶普克河及麦尼克赖，其中一个大人物不是日马营房里的，而是来自中国内地的某个地方。他们沿洛希特河左岸而下，到达1912年英国远征队扎营的地方，叫随来的人在一块大鹅卵石上刻碑文，其中一道碑文为来者的名单，另一道为孔子语录：“有朋自远方来不亦乐乎”。他们检查了原来的界牌，并指示将送一块新界牌立于此处，须搭一个棚子遮风挡雨。随后从原路返回日马。[16] 显然，Chiang Fong Chi等到达了察隅，并在压必曲龚巡边，勒石纪念，树立界牌。1914年二三月间，英属印度东北边境特区政治官员助理奥卡拉汉带队再次到门巩，在同一地点发现了一块新界牌，界牌“被细心地放置于山坡上两棵松树间”，上书中、藏、英三种文字。奥卡拉汉将界牌拔除，丢弃于卡巴村对面的森林之中，以销毁证据。[17]界牌英文译为中文为：“中华民国川滇察隅南界，特使Chiong Fong Chi、察隅县长Kes Win Chin 1912年6月9日建。”这里的特使可能就是由四川派出的Chiang Fong Chi，两者只有一个英文字母不同。
程风翔首次在压必曲龚树立龙旗界碑，阻止了英人北犯，对明确我国西南边陲的疆界有重大意义，也表明了上下察隅地区在清朝末年就已处于我国西藏地方的有效管辖之下。
(二)设县治，建乡村基层政权，强化边地治理
程凤翔进兵桑昂、杂瑜时即带有改革和建设地方行政、强化边地治理的目的。勘察地理，清理土地户口是行政改革和建设的基础工作。盐井盐厘局委员段鹏瑞奉赵尔丰令“会同管带程风翔查勘界址，清理户口”，于5月6日抵达杂瑜，8日在上杂瑜一带，[18]18日赴下杂瑜，详细记录了清查结果。[19] 下杂瑜地面后来被英属印度划在非法的麦克马洪线以南。段鹏瑞考察中明确记载“上、下杂瑜民间所种田亩银粮，向归桑昂曲宗营官征收”[20]，有力地证实了清朝末年下杂瑜与上杂瑜一样是在我国西藏地方政权管辖之下的。
经过考察，杂瑜地理区位、山川形胜、土地物产、村落人口基本查清，设立县治、建设乡村政权事务次第展开。
第一，宣布建县，勘划县界，制定管理章程。宣统二年九月，赵尔丰发布公告，宣布在杂瑜设县施治，将原杂瑜改为察隅县，设置官员负责收纳粮税，审讯词讼案件等行政、司法事务。[21] 程凤翔会同科麦委员夏瑚勘划盐井、科麦、察隅等县的县界，对各县的行政区划提出了明确的建议。[22] 此外，颁布管理章程，明确保正、村长的职权范围、百姓征粮纳税事宜及相关罚赏条例。[23]
第二，重组村落，建立乡村基层行政管理。在清查的基础上，根据八十家为一小村，一百家以上为大村的准则划分村落，裁革原土千、百户，百姓公举产生村长，规定村长职责。[24]
第三，整合台站，保障交通。桑昂至杂瑜620里，原设8站。程凤翔将原先里程较短的台站合并，在甲惹固地方添设台站一所，共设5站，以便计算乌拉脚价，保障军政交通运输。[25]
此外，赵尔丰在程部调离前结束察隅的军事管理，委任原车工委员苟国华为察隅委员，继续完成察隅县的“设治、划界、定赋”。[26]
程凤翔在察隅完成县级及乡村基层政权的建设，原来管理松散的察隅边区经过改革，得到了有效的行政治理。这在英人策划及实施“战略边界计划”之际，对于维护我国固有领土，防止英人侵占尤有重要意义。
(三)招抚僜人，发给“护照”，建立边境藩篱屏障
杂瑜边界以南，为僜人地区。英国的文献著作将其记为密西米人(Mishmi)，程凤翔、赵尔丰等人的文牍中记为倮罗。程凤翔进兵桑昂时“有杂瑜边民扎噶，自称住近倮罗地界，能识倮罗语。前闻倮罗欲越桑昂投诚，如果不虚，即能招之使来各等语”[27]。程凤翔上报赵尔丰，提出：“欲固杂瑜之门户，必先借倮罗为藩篱，扎噶如能招倮来投，则英人之窥伺，庶可杜绝。”赵尔丰接报，指示程风翔如倮罗尚未投英，“必收归我属为主”，并开列十条应查事项，令程凤翔谨慎从事。[28] 程凤翔招抚僜人的具体经过，笔者已另著文论述[29] 。在扎噶的劝说下，一些倮罗百姓到杂瑜投诚，原梯龚拉和妥坝的土官也相继派人商量投诚事宜。程凤翔向赵尔丰建议：“原梯龚拉与妥坝悉为野番部落之巨者，如果两地投诚，其他各部迎刃而解。乘英人未备，完成西南半壁国防。”[30] 赵尔丰采纳程凤翔提议，“委员前往招抚，并查看山川形势，以备将来与印、缅勘界之基础”[31]。所派委员即科麦委员夏瑚，札噶作为通事一同前往。[32]夏瑚先到原梯龚拉，土官觉根迎接；随后至哈工，头人阿卜西扎欣然同意，情愿马前效力，后又有璐鲁族与木牛甲卜到此归顺。夏瑚等人再至妥坝，土官朗甲朵结郊外迎接，接受招降。
赵尔丰依据僜人接受招抚内附的情况，于宣统二年十二月发布告谕，将妥坝改为归化州，原梯龚拉改为原梯县，木牛甲卜改木牛县丞，布告当地居民“今既情愿设为汉官，以后同为国民”。[33]
随后，赵尔丰于次年三月(19l1年4月)发下护照千张，“购觅能与倮罗通气之人，前往说令投诚，给予护照，允以保护”。[34] 此事在英国方面的材料中也有记载：“哈德卡斯特尔上尉(参加密西米远征队) 1911年12月逆德累河谷上行时曾搜集到15份中国散发的文件。文件是用汉文和藏文书写，其性质为护照，或更确切地说是保护状，由川滇边大臣赵尔丰签发。其作用在于：(个人或村子的代表)已经投诚，大臣(赵)说，经过适当的调查，他感到有责任签发保护其财产的保护状。文件盖印，并注明中国日历，相当于1911年2月。”[35]
程凤翔部招抚活动已在当时的下杂瑜以南以西展开。赵尔丰总结程凤翔经营桑昂和察隅说：“各文武员弁远涉穷荒，重渡两江之险，复越三岭之寒，行于冰天雪地之间，冒死于枪林弹雨之下，前后数载克地数千里”，“且人民皆愿内附，遴员抚绥，西至戬倮，已与印度毗连。现已就抚者有：原梯龚拉、妥坝、珞夷、俅夷十余种，地方数千里。籍旷古不化之野番，同沾雨露，划区分司，遵照部章‘地足能以养民，民足能以养官’者，择要设治，……原梯龚拉拟设原梯县，妥坝拟设归化州，复设木牛甲卜县丞隶属之。俟将界址划清，再委员前往。底定西南半壁，以固国防。”[36]
(四)规划屯垦，开发资源，促进边地商贸
程凤翔所部驻扎察隅期间，对地方之经济开发及建设也有规划举措。
第一，规划屯垦兴农。程凤翔认为杂瑜有良好的屯垦条件，“兹就所经之地而论，其土壤之膏腴，水道之便利，林木之蕃盛，地势之平衍，随处皆是。”但由于当地人口稀少，“百余里之沃壤，沦为旷土而不耕”，于是他建议赵尔丰“招徕垦夫，提倡农政”，“则六百余里之旷野，可置良田数万顷，亦可添富民数千家，变穷谷为奥区。”[37] 赵尔丰制定资助旅途资费及开荒本钱、保障人身安全、提供地权及税收优惠等屯垦办法，动员川边百姓到察隅开垦荒地，安家置宅。察隅农政的发展既为内地无地农民提供了一条谋生的出路，缓解了入藏军队的粮食供给问题，也让内地农民将较先进的种植技术带入边地，促进了当地农业的发展。另外，程凤翔还在当地安置水碓，解决了手工舂米粗糙及费力等不利因素，“以开通风气，使夷民咸知利用之便，以结其欢心”[38]。
第二，开发自然资源，发展手工业。程凤翔发现杂瑜盛产构树和漆树，前者可用来造纸，后者可制漆。鸡贡和左贡地方已能用构树造纸，但工艺不精。程凤翔着手对原来的造纸技术进行改造，并用鸡贡生产的竹子制造细纸，成效颇丰。及至次年二月底，已造“细纸一万零四百五十八张，粗纸二千五百二十张”。[39] 程凤翔又派掌握割漆技术的前哨伙夫马海云试取漆浆，尽管当年制漆效果不甚理想，但“全收一年，约能取千斤之谱”。[40]
第三，开矿办厂，设卡收税。杂瑜银矿资源丰富，程凤翔请求开采，赵尔丰批示“准照所派人数安炉试办，著有成效，再行推广”[41]，批准用川滇边务公款开支炼矿一切费用。僜人通常将土产运至杂瑜进行交易，杂瑜当地人也以黄连、麝香与到滇边贩货的商贾换取生产生活用具。程凤翔称：“夫桑昂为西南第一重镇，而杂瑜实商务第一关键。”[42]他建议在杂瑜甲固惹设置机构对出入境的百货征收厘金，以增加税收。
程凤翔在杂瑜进行的经济建设，虽然规模不大，而且造纸制漆等手工业的尝试及开采银矿由于辛亥革命的爆发而废止，但这是察隅地方经济发展史上第一次较大规模引入先进的生产技术及开发意识。赵尔丰、程凤翔因地制宜，开发地方财源的用心颇值得称颂。
四、英人对下杂瑜的侵犯
1911—1912年冬季，英国批准“战略边界计划”，派遣三支远征队分别进入阿波尔人地区、苏班西河及其支流、密西米人地区考察。英属印度总督哈定给远征队指示，考察后须“呈送一份关于印度与西藏边界线的建议”，“所提议的边界线应大体上与附录第六段所示的线一致。但是，如果没有政府的命令不得设立边界，除非是在那些与上述所示边界线基本一致的地方并伴有显著的地理特征，对于建立一条令人满意的对防卫极为有利的战略边界必不可少的地方。”[43]
由邓达斯率领的密西米远征队分为两个支队，一队考察迪邦河(我国称为丹龙曲)与西塞里，一队溯洛希特河而上至中国插旗为界的地方后西行与另一队汇合。
邓达斯在瓦弄停留至1月31日离去。根据三支远征队的勘测，英属印度对明托提出的战略边界进行局部修改。其中最重要的是将达旺和瓦弄划在战略边界线以南。关于瓦弄，在总参谋部1912年6月1日的机密备要录中提议：
中国人树立龙旗以表示他们洛希特河谷南端疆界的麦尼克赖，不能提供边境线的标志，而且中国人选择此地，其意图很明显是要阻止我们占有这条河谷惟一适于作为边境哨所的地点——瓦弄。此地居高临下，控制着河谷两岸通向北边的道路，有利于构筑防御哨所，并且有三条小溪流经它所在的高地，水源也没有困难，是一个理想之地。
迫切需要阻止中国人接近上至萨阿提(Saalti)和康提垄(Hkamtilong)的道路和上至托曲河谷进入多乌河谷的道路，因而边界线应当在这两条路从洛希特河谷叉出的地方以北处跨过洛希特河，这个地方应在左右两侧都有合适的通达山岭的支脉之处，而且这个地方还应能把格累达克鲁山口划在我们一边。因此边界线应在瓦弄以北几英里处跨过河谷。[44]
英国和英属印度据此修改了这一段战略边界。在西姆拉会议上，麦克马洪背着中方代表非法与西藏地方代表夏札秘密对中印、藏印边界进行交易，关于洛希特河谷的分界即按照上述修改意见来划分的。但西姆拉会议最终破产，英国也将麦克马洪线视为无国际法效力，将其抛弃。直到30年代后期，英国出于新形势下封锁镇压印度民族独立运动的需要，重提战略边界，在印度事务秘书卡罗的怂恿下，采取出版伪书的手法，偷梁换柱，试图借《艾奇逊条约集》14卷伪书，将麦克马洪线悄悄推出。此后，逐步向瓦弄渗透，1944年在瓦弄修建永久性哨所。
赵尔丰、程凤翔在川滇边及察隅的活动，功过并存，本文不拟全面评价。这里要指出的是他们在察隅进行的巩固边防的活动，不仅在当时阻止了英人的北犯，而且为我国对包括麦克马洪线以南的瓦弄在内的下杂瑜和其招抚的僜人地区的主权提供了历史证据。
注释
[1] 察隅，在清代的汉文文献中有多种写法，如杂瑜、咱伊等，宣统二年(1910年)赵尔丰设县，改杂瑜为察隅。本文在事涉设治前后时分别写为杂瑜和察隅。
[2] 关于中印两国民族主义运动的互相支援，参看林承节：《印度独立运动的兴起》，北京大学出版社，1984年版，第23章。
[3] Parshotam Mehra，The McMahon Line and After.p.91.
[4]《印度事务部文档》，Political External Files，1910／13，东盂加拉与阿萨姆政府致印度政府，1910年5月26日。
[5]《印度事务部文档》，Political External Files，l910／13，
明托致莫利，1910年10月23日。
[6]《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第230页。
[7]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第593—594页。
[8]《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第491页。
[9] 压必曲龚是西藏与僜人地区传统的分界处。1851年来到这里的传教士克里克(Krick)曾见这里有一块大鹅卵石，作为分界的标志。英国方面的记载为叶普克(Yepuk，或Yepak)河与洛希特河汇合处，麦尼克赖(Menilkrai)对岸。压必河即为英人记录中的叶普克河，而英人所说的麦尼克赖即中方文献所记的门巩村，藏文作Mon-gung。树立龙旗之处当在东经96度9分，北纬28度0分，门巩村北附近。
[10] 树旗时间根据程凤翔的禀报推断。程凤翔在三月初三日(4月12日)接到树旗指示。嗣后，段鹏瑞奉令勘察杂瑜。从三月二十九日(5月8日)程与段的会禀中可以看出程凤翔已树旗完毕。《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第493页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第615页。
[11] Pashotam Mehra， North-Eastern Frontier：A Documentary
Study of the Internecine Rivalry Between India, Tibet and China，Oxford University Press，1979，p.36．
[12] Alastair Lamb，The McMahon Line，Vo1．2，p．341.
[13] 《赵尔丰川边奏牍》第473页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》第604页。
[14] 《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第471、472、473页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第559、576、604页。《清末川滇边务档案史料》均记为宣统二年，《赵尔丰川边奏牍》只记月日未记年，但按编排顺序也列在宣统二年。如上所述威廉森1909至1910年的冬季到杂瑜边境并未发现树立龙旗，不可能有询问护照事。而且，在上面的引文中有“密巴称去岁汉人来到桑昂”语；在程凤翔二月初五日的《探闻外人插旗为纯黄色上画日月虎豹等物禀》中有“再，标下前据倮民厄苏等称，阿查之民与倮罗之达引一村，已投英国，曾于宣统二年三月二十六日禀报在案”句。由此，可以断定应为宣统三年。
[15] Pashotam Mehra，The North Eastern Frontier：A Documentary Study of the Internecine Rivalry Between India，Tibet and China。pp.39-40.
[16] 《印度事务部记录》，政治与机密备忘录，L／P&S／18／B.
189，邓达斯致阿萨姆政府，1912年7月12日；阿萨姆政府致印度政府，1912年7月22日。
[17] Parshotam Mehra，The McMahon Line and After，p.82,p.83.
[18] 清末杂瑜分上、下两部，现在的察隅县也分上、下两镇，但不可对等互换。本文所说的下杂瑜位于非法的“麦克马洪线”以南仍为印度非法占领的察隅县南部地区。而现在的下察隅镇则在所谓的“麦克马洪线”以北，所以不可混为一谈。详见房建昌《近代中印东段边界史略》。
[19]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第638页。
[20] 同上书，第629页。
[21]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(下)，第779页。
[22] 同上书，第984页。
[23] 同上书，第779—783页，835—837页。
[24] 同上书，第780页。
[25]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第567页。
[26]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(下)，第928页。
[27] 《赵尔丰川边奏犊》，第478页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第570页。
[28] 同上书，第479—480页。
[29] 吕昭义；《关于中印边界东段的几个问题》。《历史研究》，1997年第4期。
[30]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)。第670 671页。书中所载年份为宣统二年，与英国方面的有关记载对照，似应为宣统三年。
[31] 同上书，第665页。年份也应在宣统三年。
[32] 夏瑚招抚僜人事见房建昌《近代中印东段边界史略》。
[33]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(下)，第835页。
[34] 《赵尔丰川边奏牍》第474页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》第604页。
[35] Pashotam Mehra，The North-Eastern Frontier：A Documentary Study of the Internecine Rivalry Between India，Tibet and China,pp.38- 39.
[36]《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第236-237页；《清末川滇边务档案史料》(下)，第834-835页。
[37]《赵尔丰川边奏牍》，第475页。
[38]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(中)，第652-653页。
[39]《清末川滇边务档案史料》(下
March 12th, 2010 at 7:21 pm
Most indians do not know much about China. Most of them still think that China is more backward and poorer than Inia. I suggest you shall come to China to have a look and then make your voice heard.
April 4th, 2010 at 5:05 am
Seems China is pushing its luck too much. “South Tibet” ? LOL. China cannot own that tiny piece of island, which calls itself “Republic of China”, in their own backyard but wants to snatch Ar.P ? Goodu ruck.
Thousands are migrating every year from Tibet. Little children who cross over the Himalayas on foot, leaving their parents forever, just to be raised in their own culture. Its so sad. Shame on all those who let this crime happen. Watch this documentary.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g9PurojxAU
After the 2008 riots, there has been a heavy crack down against those who are trying to flee Tibet. PRC is also collaborating with Nepal to curb the fleeing. The numbers went down from about 4500 to 600 now.
April 14th, 2010 at 11:57 pm
hello friends Ananda , i am from Nepal. My country is near tibet and my tibetan refugee stay in my country. The fact is many people means majority of Tibetans people in tibet are happy. Lhasa has good environment and infrastructure than Kathmandu (Nepal). Nepal is democratic country but we are fool ………. now many people from nepal start to rethink that this system is not useful to our culture. If democracy do not bring wealth to there citizen that what is the use of so called democrazy. Again china is not what u think…..people in china are free do do any thing accept votes and illegal activities ( coz law is very strict there , so crime rate is also low unllike india). there is very right saying ” it does not matter if the cat is black or white unless it should be able to catch rats”. Even in india there were very good king at ancient time who love there people and people were very wealty and happy. but the caste system which was introduce by brahmins so called upper caste that make worst to india. so my friend…….i am saying AP should be annexed in china. what i am saying that don’t fool your self by your paid media ( bollywood style news channel) visit your self, look your self, taste your self, analyses your self, predict your self then comment. Hope both india and china be friend for every…… and beware of amercunt’s. They want to divide and rule.
April 29th, 2010 at 6:14 pm
@Shyam – thanks for your comments. You raise an intetesting issue over AP, which is discontent by some Indians in the region by the poorer infrastructure and work/development opportunities there compared to their Chinese neighbors across the border. The “economic influence” of the neighbor. Yet from locals I’ve heard, most prefer to take their changes with Indian democracy, or migrate to wealthier cities such as Mumbai to find employment. It is a concern though.
As for Kathmandu, and Lhasa, I’ve been many times to both. I prefer the freedoms of Kathmandu and beyond to be honest. Also, not many people know that all our websites back-end work is in fact undertaken in Nepal, including this site. – Thanks Chris
July 30th, 2010 at 4:15 pm
Do not make fake information!
1.Tibet >90% are local tibiten. I have been there and enjoy the life of tibiten. they are kind and warm. there are no caste system. there are rich than nearby province. they have free education and medical.
2.some tibiten go to india , that is because religion.
3.the 2008 2008 riots. is Terrorism. india you will cheer up for that, then you are Terrorist!!!
4.you india keep on occupy south tibet, shows that you are greedy and stupid. as you are.
you are still the slave of brithsh or no. that area is no history link with india, there are tibiten area.
at south tibet, what did india do?